How to Conduct Ovulation Test

Ovulation occurs when an egg is released from the ovary and passes into fallopian tube. Sperm must fertilize the egg within 24 hours after its release for pregnancy to occur. The body produces a large amount of luteinizing hormone (LH) immediately prior to the ovulation. This generally happens in the middle of menstrual cycle and is known as LH surge. Pregnancy is more likely to happen during this fertile time.

LH surge in urine signals that ovulation is likely to occur in next 24 to 36 hours. The LH ovulation test is preferred to detect the elevated levels of LH in urine or ovulation.

When to take the test?

First, the length of your menstrual cycle should be determined to know the day of testing. If the length of the cycle is 28 days, count 11 days from the day last period started and the 7th day is the day to test. If your menstrual cycle length is 22 days, 6th day from when your last period started is the day, from which testing has to be done.

Performing the ovulation test

Prior to testing, allow the urine specimen and test device to reach the room temperature. Remove the test device from the sealed pouch and use as soon as possible. Put the test device on a clean and flat surface. Pour three full drops of urine specimen in the specimen well using the dropper. Avoid air bubbles in the specimen well. Start the timer and take results after five minutes.

Inference of the results

For a positive result two lines appear, one is test line and another is reference line. Test line is same as or darker than reference line indicating that you may ovulate within 24 to 36 hours. For a negative result also two lines may appear. There might be no test line or it may be lighter than reference line. A reference line fails to appear in an invalid result. Insufficient specimen volume or wrong procedural techniques are most likely reasons for invalid result.

The FDA approved ovulation test is very helpful to in determining whether to get pregnancy or to avoid without any hassle.

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How to Conduct a Breath Alcohol Test

Breath alcohol tests are used to determine if a person has an alcohol blood level above the legal limit. Testing can be done either by a police officer who has pulled over a driver who was showing symptoms of intoxication, or it can be done at a laboratory or company that specializes in drug and alcohol testing. Alcohol has been shown to be related to about 38 percent of traffic deaths in the United States in 1999. Over 42,000 people died from drunken drivers that year (Freudenrich, 2010).

Police officers typically use portable breath-testing machines to test drivers who they have pulled over for probable cause. Even if a driver can pass a roadside test by touching their nose or walking a straight line, the alcohol level in their blood might still be above the legal limit. Police officers test the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) in the suspect's breath.

The Breathalyzer, one type of testing devices used by police today, was invented in the 1940's by Dr. Robert Borkenstein of the Indiana State Police. It is able to test the BAC by measuring the alcohol on the breath. This can be done since alcohol is not digested or changed in the bloodstream. When the blood goes through the lungs, some of it moves across the alveoli, or the lung's air sacs. It has been proven that the alcohol in the alveolar air is related to the amount of alcohol in the person's blood. This means that it would be possible to take a blood sample to discover the alcohol level in the blood, but this is not practical for police officers to do. The Breathalyzer measures the BAC by measuring how much alcohol is in the lungs.

Many states have a standard of 0.08 for legal intoxication. If the Breathalyzer or other device shows that the driver's level is at this number or over, the driver is immediately removed from the road and is under arrest.

To conduct a breath alcohol test with a Breathalyzer, the suspect breathes into the device. Two glass vials hold the breath sample. One vial has a mixture of sulfuric acid, potassium dichromate, silver nitrate and water. Through a chemical reaction, the breath changes color if alcohol is present. The reacted mixture of breath is then compared to a vial of mixture that has not had these chemical changes take place. When a knob on the Breathalyzer is turned, the level of alcohol is shown.

Another type of device used to measure BAC uses infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Absorbed wavelengths are measured to identify ethanol, and the amount of IR absorption shows how much ethanol is in the breath.

Those who administer any type of breath alcohol test must be trained in the methods to use with these devices.

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