Ur-Ine Trouble

The truth about drug testing: Why drug users are passing and non-users are failing.

* Backed by 172 medical references, written in easy-to-understand language.

* Discloses the foods and medications that will cause a false positive test.

* Uncovers how drug testing can be used to discriminate against women and minorities.

* Medical secrets of passing drug tests revealed. Author Kent Holtorf, M.D. wrote this book to debunk the myths associated with drug testing. Backed with 172 medical references, this first-of-its-kind testament exposes the discrimination as well as ethical issues surrounding drug testing and raises serious questions about the accuracy of such tests. People are being denied employment because of false positive tests due to medications and many common foods that they are not aware of. These injustices have not previously surfaced because employers rarely tell job candidates or employees that they failed a drug test. Thus, people are unaware that they were denied employment or forced from their job due to a false positive result.

For instance, did you know how easy it is to fail a drug test, even if you've never taken drugs? Did you know the foods you eat can cause you to test positive? And did you know the many other surprising ways you could falsely test positive? If you didn't, you'll want to arm yourself with the knowledge found in this book. If you don't, you could be the next person denied employment due to a false positive drug test.

Also, the author doesn't believe that drug testing offers any benefit in deterring or treating illicit drug use. And, he says, it violates the rights of those it is designed to protect. Thus, he has no reservations about revealing medical secrets to passing drug tests.

Price: $19.95

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So Just How Do Pharmaceutical Drugs Get in Drinking Water?

The question of how do pharmaceutical drugs get in drinking water is being asked more and more these days as they are turning up in samples across the country. The answer may surprise you.

 

It is partly us, through the increasing use of prescription drugs and partly the pharmaceutical industries which dump huge amounts into the rivers and waterways from which we get our supply.

 

So how do pharmaceutical drugs get in drinking water from us? The fact is we don't metabolize all of the meds we take, so they pass through our body and are flushed down the toilet and into the system.

 

Industry also legally and illegally dumps tonnes of them each year adding to the contamination.

 

The scary part is that the federal government doesn't require any testing and hasn't set safety limits for drugs in our drinking water, and most makers of home filtration systems and bottled water companies don't even test for it!

 

So in many samples taken around the country antibiotics, mood stabilizers, growth hormones and sex hormones were found alongside the regulars like herbicides and pesticides.

 

Now we know the answer to how do pharmaceutical drugs get in drinking water, the important thing is how to get rid of them. There is only one type of system that can do it effectively and is recommended by the US EPA.

 

Activated carbon block filters and the very best have a multi-stage process and ion exchange to remove 99.9% of all the contaminants to keep you safe, a feat unequalled in the industry.

 

They leave you with only great tasting healthy water, free from any of the worry.

 

Visit my website today if you would like to learn more about the types of water filtration systems that I personally recommend and use.

Discover the best home water purifier today.

Ray Hamilton is a dedicated advocate and researcher of the incredible benefits of safe, clean healthy water Discover which products Ray recommends after extensive research.

Drug Detox Products Made Easy - Your Drug Rehabilitation

Whenever someone says "drug detox" people with severe addiction problems tend to minimize their problem in the belief they do not need the help of detox centers or the intake of detox products. Detoxification is however needed to make sure a complete rehabilitation and further maintenance of a healthy lifestyle that prevents falling again in such addiction.

Drug abuse is one of the most serious health hazards people can face at any stage of their lives and not only during adolescence, misconception that often associates alcohol, inhalants, marijuana, cocaine, heroin, crack, ecstasy and other designer drugs with the teenage world. Nonetheless, drug and alcohol detox programs try to help individuals regardless of their age, sex, race, or family background.

Furthermore, adults are sometimes more prone to addictions because of their legal drinking and smoking age. Alcohol and tobacco are the top addictions, followed by consumption of steroids, amphetamines, methamphetamines, and ephedrine and even methylphenidate, a medicine used in the treatment of narcolepsy and ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder.)

Stopping drug abuse is not easy and even people who claim a strong will to decline professional drug detox rehab are exposed to drugs inner need developed by their own addictions. Drug detox products combined with a good detox program are usually the best way to cope with a problem that otherwise may lead to irreversible health problems and even to death.

In every detox center people professionally trained help individuals with their medical knowledge and their own experiences, since its staff often includes both health care practitioners and recovered addicts. Drug and alcohol detox programs are sometimes run by self-prevention groups such as Narcotics Anonymous and Alcoholic Anonymous.

People struggling with alcohol addiction may start their alcohol detox immediately with herbal drug detox products that do not require a medical prescription, nor produce side effects or new addictions. Drug rehab detox is not a definite cure but a way to stop abuse, clean the body of all substance metabolites, and teach new healthier ways to drive life with appropriate drug detox programs.

Detox products also help people to pass drug tests, something that is useful when an individual is not engaged in drug abuse, but still needing to pass such tests after a temporary alcohol or drug abuse. Whatever is your addiction detox necessity, remember that you are not alone.

Benjamin writes articles for the Total Cleanse Site in which he focuses on reviews and subject matter related to Drug Detox and healthy cleansing of your body.

Drug Development Services And The Roll That They Play In Bringing New Drugs To The Consumer

With the cost of prescription drugs on the rise and many people questioning how expensive it is going to be to cure diseases in the future, drug development services around the globe are working to keep the cost of new drugs down? How are they doing this? Drug Development services are in fact, the "sub contractors" in the business of finding new cures for diseases and by competing amongst themselves they insure that drug development costs will be at a minimum.

Subcontractors of the Prescription Drug Business

It can take decades to actually find a cure for a disease and in fact there are diseases today, such as cancer, that no cure has yet been found for after billions have been spent in a fruitless search. Even after a cure is found and a drug is discovered, it takes and average of ten years for it to pass safety tests and be approved by the FDA for use in the U.S. So, discovering and testing drugs is a very expensive and time consuming prospect.

An Army of Researchers is Needed

Through the course of finding and testing a new drug, multitudes of tests and experiments must be ran. Also, mountains of pages of documents must be written, organized and submitted. For a drug company to do all of the work on their own and "in house" it would require an army of employees and research facilities the size of an average small city. Of course, all of the cost of such a massive bureaucratic and research infrastructure would have to passed on to the consumer when they bought the drugs that were produced.

Competetition Means Cheaper and Better Drugs

By using drug development services drug manufacturers can move quicker and cheaper in their search for cures for diseases. When drug development services compete with each other for work from drug companies, the end result is that the work is done cheaper and the quality is higher, which means better drugs at a lesser cost to the consumer in the end.

Written by Kathy Tippleman. Find the latest information on Drug Development Services [http://pharmadirections.com/drug_development_services.htm]

Police Exam Guide - How to pass the police test

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Are You at Risk of Drugs in Our Drinking Water?

Let's face it, the most important thing that we need for life is water. What we don't need is extra risk from the very thing we need the most.

A recent study by the Associated Press has highlighted a risk of drugs in our drinking water. In order to better understand what these risks are to you, we need to look at the following


Sources of water

How the drugs get into the water

Types of drugs found

Long term effects of drugs

Your options to avoid this problem

Okay, let's get started!

Sources of water

People get much of their water from their municipal water supply. This supply may be drawn from surface water taken from lakes or rivers. If these sources are not available, cities or local agencies may use underground sources from springs or aquifers. Rural areas may use water gathered from cisterns or locally drilled wells. All of these are potential sources for your drinking and bathing water.

Let's not forget bottled water! This water is often drawn from the same supply as municipal water systems, with a small amount of filtering or addition of minerals. As such, it can also be a potential source for unwanted drugs.

How the drugs get into the water

The primary method that introduces drugs found in US drinking water is the passing of unused drugs into the sewer system. Literally billions of doses of over the counter and prescription medication are taken on a annual basis. The body often does not absorb or metabolize these medications, and pass through the toilet into the water treatment plants. When these plants discharge their water, the watersheds which provide the supply become contaminated.

The source of drugs in our drinking water is ever increasing. Non-prescription drug sales reached 3.7 billion, while prescription medication sales have reached 3.3 billion, according to IMS Health and the Nielsen Company.

Animal medicine is also contributing to the problem. The use of antibiotics, heart medications and diabetes in animals is almost as widespread as humans, with the value of these drugs estimated by the Animal Health Institute at over 5 billion dollars!

Types of drugs found

The types of drugs in our drinking water supplies parallel the types of medication being purchased. Pain relievers, heart medication, antibiotics, anti-convulsants, sex hormones, steroids, tranquilizers and cholesterol blockers are just a few of the many medications that have been found in water supply tests.

The widespread presence of these drugs highlights two key concerns. The first is that water treatment plants were not designed to remove these types of contaminants. The second concern is that cholesterol blockers, tranquilizers and anti-epileptic medications are resistant to current water treatment techniques. In some cases, the use of chlorine for disinfecting water may make some drugs even more toxic.

Long term effects of drugs

Studies of animal exposure to long term medications in water provide an indication of potential risks to humans. In the Associated Press article, the following research was reported:


Male minnows living downstream of feedlots with steroid use were shown to have low levels of testosterone and reduced head size

Male fish around the world are becoming feminized, developing features which have traditionally been found only in female fish

Studies of human cell growth, when exposed to long term medication, have shown accelerated or slowed growth depending on the medication used for the study.

Your options to avoid this problem!

A number of techniques exist for home water treatment of drugs in our drinking water. Reverse osmosis approaches can remove impurities, but this approach also removes valuable minerals and trace elements that are beneficial. This approach also results in 8-9 gallons of contaminated water for each treated gallon of water. Ultraviolet radiation has been used for disinfecting water, but does nothing to removed dissolved solids or chemicals.

A multi-stage filtration system that can remove chemicals, particulates and metals, as well as treat biological contaminants, provides the best overall approach for protecting your drinking and bathing water.

Now that you are armed with this information, it is up to you to take action! The problem of drugs in our drinking water is likely to be around for a long time. Research the options available, and find a water purification system that works the best for you!

Andre J. Sylvester is dedicated to researching the best methods for water purification. Visit his site at http://www.best-safe-water-purifier.com/ to find out what products he recommends based on his research.

(c) - Copyright Andre J. Sylvester. All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

Neurotransmitter Testing - How Detecting Neurotransmitter Imbalance Can Help You to Feel Better Fast

Neurotransmitters, chemicals in our brains that work as messengers between brain cells, are responsible for most of what goes on in our bodies. They regulate our behavior, our emotions, our ability to learn, and the way we sleep. When these chemicals are not present in the proper balance, it can affect everything from our energy levels to our ability to focus to how we feel.

Studies have shown that neurotransmitters have a tremendous influence on our mood, and insufficient levels of certain neurotransmitters have been identified in patients with emotional disorders and mental illness.

* What, exactly, are neurotransmitters, and how do they work?

Our brain contains specialized nerve cells, called neurons, which are responsible for receiving information, processing it, and transmitting it to other cells. Neurons are not in direct contact with one another; in order for neurons to pass messages to each other, they rely on highly specialized chemicals called neurotransmitters.

Neurotransmitters are made out of amino acids, which come from proteins - you will see why this is important further on. The neurotransmitters essentially bridge the "gaps" (called synapses) between neurons to relay their messages. When these neurotransmitters exist at insufficient levels, important information may not be passed along correctly.

Some of the important neurotransmitters that affect our moods are described here.

- Acetylcholine -regulates voluntary movement, sleep, memory, and learning. Too much acetylcholine is present with depression, and too little is present in patients with dementia.

- Serotonin - helps to regulate appetite, sleep, impulsive behavior, aggression, and mood. Too little serotonin is present in cases of depression and anxiety disorder, in particular obsessive-compulsive disorder.

- Dopamine - helps to regulate learning, focus and movement. Excessive levels of dopamine are present in patients with schizophrenia; too little dopamine is associated with depression, as well as the tremors exhibited by patients with Parkinson's disease.

- Epinephrine (adrenaline) - this neurotransmitter regulates glucose metabolism and energy levels; low levels are linked to depression.

- Norepinephrine (noradrenalin) - helps to regulate appetite and alertness; low levels are found in patients with depression, while excessive norepinephrine has been found in patients with schizophrenia.

- GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid) - GABA is known to inhibit anxiety and excitation. Too little GABA is associated with anxiety disorders.

- Endorphins - These are the "happy" neurotransmitters that promote feelings of contentment and pleasure; they are also involved in pain relief.

* What conditions are caused by neurotransmitter imbalance?

Low levels of neurotransmitters are known to cause many emotional and physiological disorders:

- Depression;

- ADD/ADHD;

- Anxiety disorder, including panic attacks and obsessive-compulsive disorder;

- Fibromyalgia/chronic pain disorders;

- Eating disorders;

- Sleep disorders (insomnia);

- Obesity;

- Migraines;

- Premenstrual syndrome and PMDS;

- Adrenal dysfunction;

- Psychosis.

* What causes neurotransmitter imbalance?

Neurotransmitter imbalance can be caused by high levels of stress. Diet also plays an important part in maintaining neurotransmitter levels. The formation of neurotransmitters requires sufficient levels of dietary protein, in addition to certain vitamins and minerals. Medications, drugs and alcohol, hormone imbalances, genetics, and heavy metal toxicity can all play a role in neurotransmitter depletion, as well.

* Neurotransmitter Testing

Typically, treatment for any of the disorders described here involves medication, which is prescribed to treat the symptoms without any real evidence of what is causing the condition. In many cases, several different medications are tried before coming across one that works.

Neurotransmitter testing provides a simple tool for determining the precise cause of the symptoms by pinpointing exactly which neurotransmitters are in imbalance.

Neurotransmitter testing enables medical professionals to guide treatment toward the cause of the condition, rather than tossing medications at it until one of them finally works. In many cases, therapeutic drugs may not be necessary at all. Changes in dietary and lifestyle habits and the use of natural remedies and neurotransmitter supplements can correct neurotransmitter imbalances without the use of prescription medications that may have negative side effects.

Testing for neurotransmitter imbalances consists of taking a simple blood or urine sample. Neurotransmitter tests are covered by most insurance plans, making them easily affordable. By identifying the neurotransmitter imbalance that is causing your health issues, you can ensure that you are receiving the proper treatment and that you will begin to feel better as soon as possible.

To order a neurotransmitter test or for more information on neurotransmitters visit http://www.integrativepsychiatry.net Valerie Balandra APRN,BC is a specialist in neurotransmitter rebalancing. She can be reached at 941 371-7997 for phone consultations.

The Rising Frequency of Drug Tests

It was practically unheard of for anyone my age to be using drugs when I was in high school about twenty years ago. Drugs were way too controversial for my generation, even though we did have parties and the majority of us were guilty of underage drinking. Drugs weren't completely unheard of in our small town because it was right outside of Philadelphia. We just had better things to do than take drugs during those years.

However, the same high school that I went to now has a substantial drug problem. A lot of kids in my hometown have been caught dealing drugs or in possession of illegal drugs. In fact, parents are starting to give their kids drug tests at home in order to keep things under control.

I really have no clue why a sudden interest in this activity appeared in my area. Since crystal methamphetamine became more popular and more affordable than other drugs, quite a stir has been caused in the small towns all over the country.

Employers across the nation are also starting to require their applicants to take drug tests. In fact, the wonderful job offer I received several years ago was contingent on whether or not I passed my drug test. Of course, I had no problem passing the drug tests, but my new company was very strict. They are still testing new hires for drug abuse after four years of implementing the anti-drug use program.

A lot of people are arguing that employers should not care about what someone does on their own time. They feel that there is no need for drug tests if they aren't engaging in any illegal activities while at work. I admit that they have a valid argument but I am still uncomfortable with hiring people who have evidence of drug usage in their systems.

In my opinion, certain positions should require drug tests. It's a fact that many companies do random and frequent tests because their employees work with the public. Police officers, doctors, nurses, pilots, and many others who have important positions in society should be given random drug tests. This is because we trust them with our lives.

However, I'm a bit worried about the existence of ways to "pass" drug tests. There are certain products that can cleanse your system quickly and guarantee that you will pass any tests within a certain time period. I suppose that means that there are quite a few people walking around with jobs that they should never have received.

Morgan Hamilton offers expert advice and great tips regarding all aspects concerning Drug Tests [http://www.healthandmedicineinfo.com/health--medicine-information/health--medicine/drug-tests-are-on-the-rise.html]. Visit our site for more helpful information about Home Remedies for Passing Drug Tests [http://www.healthandmedicineinfo.com] and other similar topics.

Lorcaserin Weight Loss Drug Actually Works

People tend not to stick to diets so often people turn towards diet pills. The problem is some diet pills have bad side effects or can't be taken long term.

In 1997 the popular "fen-phen" was removed from the diet market due to problems to the heart valves of the people who used it.

In the future there may be an answer to obesity. In a recent clinical trial an experimental drug named Lorcaserin was shown to be safe and effective at weight loss.

Lorcaserin works by targeting the serotonin; which is a hormone based in the brain that regulates hunger. Its use means that obese people feel less hungry so lose weight through eating less.

There was a similar drug available called Fenfluramine that also affected the serotonin receptor, but this diet product was removed from the diet market due to its dangerous side effects. In tests it was shown to affect the heart valves of its users.

In separate tests Lorcaserin was found to be safer and more effective than Fenfluramine.

In a two-year study 3000 overweight patients were tested. In the study the drug was compared to a placebo and was shown to have positive effects on weight loss.

After one year, 50% of the people who took Lorcaserin had lost on average 5% of their body weight. In comparison only 20% of those who took the placebo lost weight.

It was also shown that those who took Lorcaserin had an easier time controlling their weight compared to those who took the placebo.

During these tests the only side effects shown by the users of the drug were slight headaches, nausea and dizziness.

More tests are obviously needed, but if Lorcaserin can pass them then maybe this will help the current fight against obesity.

Change the way you live with Weight Loss Supplements, look and feel much better without plastic surgery or any other harmful procedures.

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Pharmacy Technician Test Be Proud to Be a Certified Pharmacy Technician

This examination of pharmacy technician is towards the top 200 prescript drugs & the use of formulas that how you can make the conversion of drugs and the prescriptions. If you don't have the knowledge of mathematics you should be more attentive on how to make these conversions by using the various resources and measurements of weights. You should also recognize that you have the understandings of the names of the brands, names of the generic values, and some common names used for these medicines. You can make the preparation of these pharmacy technicians' exams through various ways like manually use of guideline book, software pretending, or you can join the ongoing class to get the maximum of training or do it without any preparation. You should be prepared for lot of mathematical equations and methods. If you not used it for a very long period of time it will be very difficult to you to cope up with these problems. You have to do these techniques a lot, as you being in this field on the permanent basis. At the completion of pharmacy technician examination you can very easily use the title of CPHT after the name of yours.

The case you become a pharmacist with desired certification you employment options will increase and you will be offered with more reasonable position with more accountability. There are following rules in the PTCB policy. If it is found that you have been received the suspension orders from the government, the certification will not be given to you. The same will be in case of fraud rant found. Your certification will also be rejected if you don't cooperate in the investigation process. It is for your information that PTCB certification body has developed very difficult regulations for the pharmaceutical technician certificate. It is also true that you have the possibilities in your hands either to harm or even kill other people.

The examination of the pharmacy technician is comprised on 90 pharmacy-based questions and for doing it 2 hours time will be given to undermine the descriptions of the medicines and their side affects. Relevant to the drugs and details for the use of patients are listed in the very short terms for their help. The exam will also based on some pharmacy rules and regulations. Government have made many laws and made them activate to safeguard the people from any of bad effects. You will find out many calculations and how to make their conversion between the various measure units. So the different conditions will be given to you to deal with these patients and you will be examine about your conversion techniques according to the specific conditions.

You will have to work on the 90 questions relevant to the field of the pharmacy technician's exam with focus on the different kind of drugs & the calculation used for these drugs measurements. Questions will be 90 and you will solve them within 2 hours to do that work. It focuses on the given areas to be done very successfully. Firstly, covering 66% of the examination, how to assist the pharmacist and its relation to the patient. It has its main importance during your daily working conditions. You need to work on personal basis to learn all these activities in the best manner. You will also need to improve your interpersonal and communication capabilities as well. On the second part the more concentration is on inventory and maintaining the medication condition.

As you get the certification of the pharmacy technician you will be made responsible for the large availability of drugs & you need to be with the proper organizational skills. You should be very clear that if a medicine is not labeled or misplaced or you the difficulties to find it will be very unusual for this profession. In a very quick and fast way to find a drug whenever it is needed in the career of pharmacy technician. The last part of this exam will be based on the administration of the pharmacy issues and will be the total of twelve percent of the total examination. The pharmacy technician examination will cost you one hundred, twenty nine only. You will find this fee to rise because the demand is increasing in the next years. You can apply on the base of telephone, email or online. You can be appear in this exam with the three chances. You required to be fully prepared for this exam and make your effort to pass it in the first attempt. You need to renew it in every two years time required by PTCB.

Pass the pharmacy technician exam on your first try with 3,020 practice questions in a simulator software. You have the Edge! You now have an "insiders view" of the PTCE PTCB Exam in every detail, in the exact Environment and patterns as test day! Gain Confidence and reduce study time for the pharmacy technician exam. You are targeting your study efforts by studying exactly the way it will be on the exam, on a computer like the actual exam will be presented. 90 multiple choice questions per exam will be simulated. Program contains Two Timers, Questions Randomize / Or Show in the same order each time, marke for review feature, print questions, Explanations, Display the answers after each question or all answers at the end of the exam, Program scores on scale of 300-900. Min 300 , maximum 900. 650 to pass

pharmacy technician test

Why the Male Fertility Test is Important - And What to Expect

After at least a year of really trying to become pregnant -- following all the guidance on timing and frequency and positions - getting medical help is the right next move. It may not be absolutely necessary, but it is a concrete step toward taking control of your situation. And the medical profession has defined 12 months of trying as the definition of infertility.

Why Men Should Be Tested

The first call usually is made by the female because she has an ongoing relationship with a gynecologist. And since pregnancy is a "woman's thing" men are perfectly happy to leave all the details to them. Couples should talk about it, but men should be tested because:

- 20% to 50% of infertility cases involve male infertility factors

- Infertility testing for men is easier and more comfortable than testing for women

- Treatment for a man's infertility is easier than treatment for a woman

- A woman will lavish praise and affection for a man's sensitivity and commitment

- Passing the tests will be a great relief

What to Expect

You will need to contact a urologist for an examination and orders for the male infertility test. You can find one via your health insurance provider directory or a referral from your partner's gynecologist. At the urologist's office, you can expect to complete a medical history form, including questions about any prescriptions and over the counter drugs used.

The urologist will focus on issues affecting fertility, such as exercise, alcohol and drug use, and sexual history including any STDs. In the physical exam, he will look for any anatomical abnormalities in the scrotum, testicles and penis. Anything he sees will be noted for follow-up, if needed, pending results of the semen analysis.

The urologist will definitely order lab testing of a semen sample which will be collected by you in a lab-provided container, during your private time in a room stocked with pornography. He may also order a blood test to measure hormone levels, but the semen test is all important.

Lab techs will process the sample and report results to the urologist, usually in two or three days. A simple phone call after results are in will tell whether your semen passed the test: no follow-up needed; or failed: scheduling a follow-up appointment with the urologist.

Normal - What the Doctor Looks For

This is what the urologist considers in semen analysis:

- Semen quantity - 20 milliliters minimum per ejaculation

- Sperm quantity - 20 million sperm in each milliliter

- Sperm motility - percentage of sperm swimming forward - 25% minimum

- Morphology - percentage of normal shaped sperm - 14% minimum

- pH level - measuring acidity or alkalinity of semen - pH of 7.2 minimum

- white blood cell count - 1 million per milliliter maximum to rule out infection

As a man, your fertility is fully confirmed by ability to deliver a sperm sample meeting the criteria. Your role in conception is to contribute your healthy sperm during ovulation and a few days before - about 7 days a month during her fertility period, when she is physically best able to conceive. Doing that and providing emotional support to minimize stress is what your partner needs and expects. Just do it.

Donna Williams is a teacher and health educator with personal experience dealing with infertility issues.
For more male infertility test information and specific advice on other infertility issues, visit her website http://www.infertility-help-advice-answers.com - a resource for couples with concerns about infertility.

Hair Drug Testing - What Do Parents Really Need to Know About Hair Drug Testing?

Hair drug testing is a rather simple procedure. To start, you remove a strand of hair from your head or the participant's head. This strand is then sent away to a lab for analysis. There are various types of drug tests available on the market. The two most common types of drug tests include urine tests and blood tests. These are also very effective. The downside is that they can only detect drug use that took place within the last three days. Thus, it is possible for a drug user to quit using illegal drugs for a short period in order to pass a drug test.

But, hair drug testing is more effective of the five main types of drug tests. Aside from urine and blood tests, a drug tests may be administered by obtaining samples of sweat and saliva. However, the latter two tests are prone to inaccuracies. Taking a hair drug test is a quick and easy. way to test because hair drug testing can detect drug use up to six months, habitual and occasional drug users are reluctant to take this test. The drugs, which have been used, are encased in the hair shaft, which becomes permanent. The only way to not detect drug use is to cut or shave the hair. Of course, if you were to shave your head prior to a hair drug tests, this may appear a little suspicious.

A hair drug test is able to detect the five major drugs. These drugs include marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, opiates, and PCP. Failing a drug test may have serious consequences. The employer or agencies that administer the tests have different procedures. While failing a hair drug test will likely result in a denial of coverage with an insurance agency, employees who fail a random hair drug test may be allotted a certain amount of time to discontinue drug use.

There is a bit of a controversial issue on hair drug testing. Studies have found dark-haired people are more likely to test positive for drugs because they have higher levels of melanin, which allows drug compounds to bind more easily to their hair. Let's say a dark haired person who may have had some kind of environmental exposure to cocaine, but they didn't use the drug themselves. Like a police officer for instance. There was a case in Boston in which seven police officers all tested positive for cocaine. Six of the seven former officers had a second hair test conducted that came back negative within days of the positive result. All drug tests were analyzed by a different laboratory and all came back negative.

If you're a parent and are afraid to test your son or daughter for drugs, a home hair drug test may be the option to take. You can acquire a strand of their from clothing or a hairbrush and test them for long use drug usage. If the results come back negative, then they are none the wiser. But, if their test should come back positive, you can look to help them in getting over their drug abuse problem.

This article is prepared by Serhat Pala and Christy Berger who write for http://www.testcountry.com/ Some information about this article is taken from these resources: Hair Drug Testing & Home Drug Testing Kits and Testing Kit. A longer version of this article is located at Hair Drug Testing.

How to Pass Psychometric Interviews and Personality Tests

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How to Pass Your NYPD Police Test?

We all know that the New York Police Department is one of the most famous police departments in the world. It has been one of the most featured police agencies in movies world wide, so it is not uncommon that a lot of people out there want to be a New York Police officer. However before you can be a police officer you will need to go through the different steps in the recruitment process of the New York Police Department.

According to the New York Police department website you will need to pass the written police test before you can be allowed to proceed with the other part of the recruitment process. Requirements to take the written examination:

· Applicants must be at least 17½ years of age by the last day of filing of the exam they are applying for.

· Applicants must not have reached their 35th birthday on or before the first day of filing of the exam they are applying for.

· Those applicants who are 35 and over and have active United States military service may deduct up to six years from the age requirement.

· If by mail: Applications must be submitted/postmarked by the filing deadline of the exam they are applying for.

Requirements to be hired:

· Candidates must be at least 21 years of age on or before the day of hire. · Candidates must be a United States citizen on or before the day of hire.

· On or before the day of hire, candidates must have successfully completed either:

1. Sixty (60) college credits with a 2.0 G.P.A. from an accredited college or university, or

2. Two (2) years of full-time, active military service in the United States Armed Forces with an honorable discharge and have a high school's diploma or its equivalent.

· Candidates must reside either within one of the five boroughs of New York City or one of the surrounding counties of New York City; Suffolk, Westchester, Orange, Rockland, Nassau or Putnam Counties on the day of hire.

· Candidates must possess a valid, unrestricted New York State Drivers License on the day of hire.

· Candidates must pay a $75.00 fee for fingerprinting as part of the investigation process.

· Candidates must pass a drug/alcohol screening.

· Candidates must pass a character and background investigation.

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Prescription Drugs in Drinking Water - Learn the Sources of This Growing Health Concern

You might disagree, but hear me out on this.

Prescription drugs in drinking water are becoming more widespread. There is a growing realization by consumers, environmental groups, and water quality experts that this trend needs to be better understood.

A recent investigative report by the AP was developed after a five month review of surveys, testing data, and interviews with water suppliers and experts on water quality. Water supplies for over 50 cities were reviewed.

In the city of Las Vegas, the report showed that the anti-anxiety drug meprobamate, anti-convulsant carbamazepine, and anti-epileptic drug phenytoin were present in water that had undergone water treatment.

The primary source of water for the city comes from the Hoover Dam reservoir, Lake Mead, which is fed by the Colorado River.

The Southern Nevada Water Authority oversees water quality, provides water distribution in the Las Vegas area, as well as operating water treatment facilities.

Recent tests by the water authority have identified traces of six other medications in untreated water taken from Lake Mead: pain reliver naproxen, cholesterol drug gemfibrozil; antibiotics sulfamethoxazone and trimethoprim; beta blocker atenolol; and the anti-inflammatory diclofenac.

What do we know about the sources of prescription drugs in drinking water? People are the primary contributors. As people consume medications, the body uses up a portion of the drug, then the rest is excreted and passed into the toilet. Another source is unused or expired prescriptions or over the counter medication which is flushed down the toilet.

As sewage is processed by water treatment plants, the municipal systems focus on removing solids and disinfecting to eliminate sources of water borne diseases. Once these steps have been completed, the treated sewage is returned to lakes and rivers, to be picked up again as source water for area water authorities.

Development of reservoirs like Lake Mead have fueled the growth of nearby cities and towns, where growing populations begin the cycle described above.

Environmental groups are raising awareness of this issue, and are asking for further action to be taken to identify ways to counteract the problem of prescription drugs in drinking water. Congress has held hearings on the issues, in part to pressure other parts of the bureaucracy such as the Environmental Protection Agency to take action.

If you are like me, you probably don't want to wait until government mandates a reduction in drugs in the drinking water. Fortunately, we can work to address this issue ourselves. You can take steps now to put in a drinking water filter system in your home. Look for systems that can remove organisms like giardia and cryptosporidium. Another component would be sub micron filter elements that will remove drugs and organic chemicals. Multi stage filter systems combine the best of these features. Do your research with these features in mind, and you will be on your way to cleaner and more healthy water in your home!

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How to Conduct Ovulation Test

Ovulation occurs when an egg is released from the ovary and passes into fallopian tube. Sperm must fertilize the egg within 24 hours after its release for pregnancy to occur. The body produces a large amount of luteinizing hormone (LH) immediately prior to the ovulation. This generally happens in the middle of menstrual cycle and is known as LH surge. Pregnancy is more likely to happen during this fertile time.

LH surge in urine signals that ovulation is likely to occur in next 24 to 36 hours. The LH ovulation test is preferred to detect the elevated levels of LH in urine or ovulation.

When to take the test?

First, the length of your menstrual cycle should be determined to know the day of testing. If the length of the cycle is 28 days, count 11 days from the day last period started and the 7th day is the day to test. If your menstrual cycle length is 22 days, 6th day from when your last period started is the day, from which testing has to be done.

Performing the ovulation test

Prior to testing, allow the urine specimen and test device to reach the room temperature. Remove the test device from the sealed pouch and use as soon as possible. Put the test device on a clean and flat surface. Pour three full drops of urine specimen in the specimen well using the dropper. Avoid air bubbles in the specimen well. Start the timer and take results after five minutes.

Inference of the results

For a positive result two lines appear, one is test line and another is reference line. Test line is same as or darker than reference line indicating that you may ovulate within 24 to 36 hours. For a negative result also two lines may appear. There might be no test line or it may be lighter than reference line. A reference line fails to appear in an invalid result. Insufficient specimen volume or wrong procedural techniques are most likely reasons for invalid result.

The FDA approved ovulation test is very helpful to in determining whether to get pregnancy or to avoid without any hassle.

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Antiviral Drugs For Herpes

Acyclovir (Zovirax), an antiviral drug effective in the treatment of herpes simplex infection, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)in 1984. Since its approval, the effects of acyclovir on human pregnancies have not been determined. Acyclovir passes into breast milk and may harm a nursing infant. Do not take this medication without telling your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby. Acyclovir belongs to the family of medicines called antivirals. Antivirals are used to treat infections caused by viruses.

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How It Works

Acyclovir works by interfering with the virus developing a resistance ot ACV. ZOVIRAX is still immunogenic in frontier form. Acyclovir is usually prescribed in ointment form for topical application. It is sometimes prescribed in tablet and liquid form and can be administered as an injection in the treatment of severe cases of genital herpes, and it also relieves pain and itching.

Acyclovir is available as a prescription medication and is used most commonly in its oral form to treat genital herpes; it is also used to treat primary varicella (chickenpox) and varicella zoster (shingles). Among users of oral acyclovir in the United States, an estimated 30%-50% are women aged 15-44 years.

Acyclovir topical is usually applied every 3 hours, six times a day for seven days. Follow your doctor's instructions. Acyclovir is an antiviral drug. It slows the growth and spread of the herpes virus so that the body can fight off the infection. Acyclovir can prevent herpes simplex outbreaks, which may help people co-infected with HIV and herpes simplex live longer. High dose acyclovir is used to treat hairy leukoplakia , a viral infection that usually shows up on the sides of the tongue.

Acyclovir delayed 32% of the CMV infections and prevented 59% of the CMV disease cases which occurred in the placebo cohort. The time to CMV disease was significantly prolonged in patients on acyclovir as compared to patients on placebo ( P =0.013). Acyclovir is a white, crystalline powder with the molecular formula C8H11N5O3 and a molecular weight of 225. The maximum solubility in water at 37�C is 2.5�mg/mL.

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Will you be tested for Anabolic Steroids?

REASONS FOR ANABOLIC STEROID TESTING

Why should there be anabolic steroid testing in sports? After all, a swimmer taking steroids cannot endanger national security, as he or she does not have access to defense secrets. A group of bodybuilders on anabolic steroids are not a danger to the public, unless someone steals their creatine or whey protein!

There are, in fact, two reasons for drug testing in sports given by sports' federations. The first is to ensure fairness among athletes by prohibiting the use of performance enhancing drugs. The second is to protect the health of the athlete by prohibiting the use of drugs such as anabolic steroids that could be harmful.

Let us begin with a technical discussion of how drug tests work and how accurate they are. We will then discuss the countermeasures used by athletes to try to beat anabolic steroid testing.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF DRUG TESTS

The International Olympic Commission (IOC) carries out the most precise and accurate of all drug- testing programs. The IOC began drug testing at the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City. At first only tests for amphetamines and other related performance enhancing drugs were carried out. Anabolic steroids, as a group were added to the list of banned substances in 1973. The first Olympics in which tests for anabolic steroids, was carried out was the Montreal Olympics in 1976.

DRUG TESTS

URINALYSIS

The most frequently used drug test for Anabolic steroid testing is urinalysis. The bodybuilder or other athlete is notified of the test after being awarded first, second or third place in a competition. Athletes who competed, but did not place in the top three, may also be chosen at random to be tested. The person must present himself/herself to the testing site immediately after the awards ceremony. The athlete is asked to urinate in the presence of an official to prevent sample tampering. The urine sample is divided into two samples: sample one is stored under close security, only to be used pending the outcome of tests on sample two. Sample two, the test sample, is then subjected to various forms of chemical analysis. One of the most commonly used tests is the gas chromatography procedure.

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

In this test a chromatograph converts the urine into gas, screening out traces of forbidden compounds. Under pressure the gas passes through very sensitive columns, which separate the various substances into easily detectable components. If metabolites (breakdown products) of anabolic steroids are detected, the next step is to use a device called a mass spectrometer to determine exactly which steroids are in the athlete's sample.

LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Instead of using the gas chromatography method, a variation known as liquid chromatography may be used for anabolic steroid testing. Once again, specialized columns of chemicals are used. The liquid urine is exposed to these columns, and the various constituents of the urine climb the columns to different levels. Drug components can be separated by color and distance

RADIOIMMUNOASSAY (RIA)

This test was developed in the early seventies, and was considered at the time to be the end-all to drug use in sports. Because RIA involves the use of radioactive isotopes, the number of laboratories which can carry out this test are limited. For this procedure, radioactive isotopes and specific foreign substance antibodies are added to a urine sample. If no banned steroids are present, the antibodies and isotopes combine and can be filtered out of the solution. There would be no remaining radioactivity in the sample. In a positive sample, the antibodies do not combine with the isotopes, and radioactivity remains. The chromatography and mass spectrometer tests are considered the top of the line in anabolic steroid testing, and have replaced RIA tests.

TESTOSTERONE RATIO TESTING

In the past, male athletes who knew that competitors at a particular event were to be tested for steroids, would simply discontinue the use of the steroids well in advance of the competition. When they stopped anabolic steroid use, they substituted pure testosterone. The purpose was to maintain strength, size, and other performance gains.

Scientists and drug testers became aware of this countermeasure and in response they developed a counter-countermeasure. As testosterone is broken down, one of its breakdown products, epitestosterone, is produced. The normal ratio of testosterone to epitestosterone is 1:1. When an athlete takes artificial testosterone, the amount of testosterone in the urine is increased, but the amount of epitestosterone excreted does not change. Thus the ratio of testosterone to epitestosterone increases dramatically. If the athlete's ratio exceeds 6:1, the athlete is disqualified. For example, one powerlifter was tested and his ratio was 100:1!

Not only is the ratio indicative of testosterone use by an athlete, it also reveals to the tester whether or not the individual was using high levels of anabolic steroids. When an athlete uses anabolic steroids, the body's own testosterone levels are reduced dramatically. When the user stops taking steroids, the body's own testosterone production resumes, to bring testosterone levels back to the pre-steroid state. In some cases, the athlete's body over-produces testosterone, thus shifting the testosterone to epitestosterone ratio upwards, past the acceptable upper limit of 6:1.

TESTING ACCURACY

From 1986 to 1988, Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson was tested 19 times for anabolic steroids at various competitions. Although he was using anabolic steroids throughout this period, all tests were negative. Even in 1988, Olympic athletes using steroids managed to pass sophisticated IOC anabolic steroid tests. More than 50 male athletes who competed in the Seoul Olympics were later found to have used anabolic steroids in the six months prior to the games. These results came to light after a more sophisticated testing procedure was carried out on 1100 urine samples (collected during the games), which had been stored.

The present detection capabilities for some steroids are in the .25 mg (nanogram) range. This means that the specific metabolites for a drug such as Deca-durabolin can be measured, even when they exist in a concentration of one quarter part per billion! In most cases the tests can detect steroid use for only as long as the steroid is exerting a physiological effect on the athlete's system.

There are numerous factors that increase or decrease a bodybuilder's chances of passing or failing an anabolic steroid test. These include:

 The type of anabolic steroids used

 How long the individual was on the drugs

 The dosages used

 The purity of the steroids

 The type of steroid cycle followed

 The individual's genetics

It's because of these factors that bodybuilders and other athletes have developed a whole series of anabolic steroid test counter measures to be drug tests.

anabolic steroid testing [http://www.steroids-help.com/anabolic-steroid-testing.html] ©Bob Howard 2006 02/10 2006

How to Conduct a Breath Alcohol Test

Breath alcohol tests are used to determine if a person has an alcohol blood level above the legal limit. Testing can be done either by a police officer who has pulled over a driver who was showing symptoms of intoxication, or it can be done at a laboratory or company that specializes in drug and alcohol testing. Alcohol has been shown to be related to about 38 percent of traffic deaths in the United States in 1999. Over 42,000 people died from drunken drivers that year (Freudenrich, 2010).

Police officers typically use portable breath-testing machines to test drivers who they have pulled over for probable cause. Even if a driver can pass a roadside test by touching their nose or walking a straight line, the alcohol level in their blood might still be above the legal limit. Police officers test the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) in the suspect's breath.

The Breathalyzer, one type of testing devices used by police today, was invented in the 1940's by Dr. Robert Borkenstein of the Indiana State Police. It is able to test the BAC by measuring the alcohol on the breath. This can be done since alcohol is not digested or changed in the bloodstream. When the blood goes through the lungs, some of it moves across the alveoli, or the lung's air sacs. It has been proven that the alcohol in the alveolar air is related to the amount of alcohol in the person's blood. This means that it would be possible to take a blood sample to discover the alcohol level in the blood, but this is not practical for police officers to do. The Breathalyzer measures the BAC by measuring how much alcohol is in the lungs.

Many states have a standard of 0.08 for legal intoxication. If the Breathalyzer or other device shows that the driver's level is at this number or over, the driver is immediately removed from the road and is under arrest.

To conduct a breath alcohol test with a Breathalyzer, the suspect breathes into the device. Two glass vials hold the breath sample. One vial has a mixture of sulfuric acid, potassium dichromate, silver nitrate and water. Through a chemical reaction, the breath changes color if alcohol is present. The reacted mixture of breath is then compared to a vial of mixture that has not had these chemical changes take place. When a knob on the Breathalyzer is turned, the level of alcohol is shown.

Another type of device used to measure BAC uses infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Absorbed wavelengths are measured to identify ethanol, and the amount of IR absorption shows how much ethanol is in the breath.

Those who administer any type of breath alcohol test must be trained in the methods to use with these devices.

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Driving Under the Influence of Prescription Drugs

You most likely know that DUI, or driving under the influence, is a serious problem that results in about 37% of all traffic fatalities in the United States. Like many people, you would never knowingly drive under the influence. What you may not know is that DUI does not only apply to driving under the influence of alcohol. You can also be stopped for driving under the influence of prescription drugs. If you take prescription medications, you should be aware of the possible pitfalls of driving after taking your medications.

1. Be aware of medication side effects.

Prescription medications can cause drowsiness, inhibit your coordination, and reduce your reaction time. It's important to read labels carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist about any potential medication side effects. Also realize that these side effects are not limited to just prescription medications. Though people think of over-the-counter drugs as safe, they also carry risks of side effects.

Unfortunately, you will not know how a particular medication may affect you until a little while after you have taken it. When in doubt, it's best to wait and see how the medication affects you before driving while on medication

2. Even if you pass a breathalyzer test, you could still be arrested for DUI.

During peak DUI season, like the Christmas and New Year holidays, July 4th, and other times when drunk drivers are out in greater numbers, you may be stopped for random testing even if you show no signs of impairment. Some medications can even result in a positive breathalyzer test, as well as cause partial impairment that may show up on one or more field sobriety test measures. You can be arrested for DUI if you test positive on any of these measures, even if you haven't consumed a single drop of alcohol.

3. Realize that two or more medications may interact with each other.

Just because each medicine that you take individually carries no risk of causing impairment, combining two or more medicines may cause unexpected reactions in the body. Again, be sure you talk to a doctor or pharmacist about how certain medications will react. Both over-the-counter and prescription medications may put you at risk when taken in combination.

4. If you have a chronic condition, carry medical information with you.

In some cases, people may experience life-threatening episodes of diabetic shock, heart attack, or stroke while driving. Officers may mistakenly interpret this disorientation or lack of ability to respond as drunkenness. Carry with you at all times information regarding your medical condition. Many people wear a medi-bracelet with their name and important medical information. Without this vital information, you could be arrested and taken to jail for drunk driving, wasting precious time when you should be receiving emergency medical treatment.

Before you take to the roads, make sure you understand what medications you are taking, and how they may interact with each other. When in doubt, stay off the roads to avoid being arrested for driving under the influence of prescription drugs. Be sure to carry medical information with you in case of emergency. Above all, do not drive if your medications hinder your ability to stay safely in control of your vehicle.

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Drug Abuse - The Most Common Drugs

Drug abuse is so rampant that more than 400,000 people were arrested in Colorado in 2005 due to possessing or using drugs. Because of the wide spread of drug problems in the society, measures are taken each day to ensure that individuals are free from it. For example, some employers had included passing a drug testing as one of the requirements for the job.

Most drug testing sessions are conducted to ensure that job applicants, teens, etc. do not have some of the common drugs in their system. Even the slightest traces of it can indicate that the examinee is one of the many involved in drug abuse. Some of the drugs that have plagued the community in Colorado these days include:

Marijuana

Some of the common drug testing sessions are conducted to ensure that individuals are free from it. Marijuana is one of the common drugs around; however, because a pound is priced at $100 minimum, most of those who purchase this drug are those who can afford the costs of this drug abuse.

Methamphetamine

According to the National Drug Intelligence Center's report, Methamphetamine is one of the primary drug threats in Colorado since Mexican DTOs can easily slip into the state and distribute this drug. Plus, since a gram is priced at $80 at the very least, methamphetamine drug abuse is much cheaper in comparison with other types.

Cocaine

Addiction to cocaine isn't as popular as the first two, but the substance is frequently used by addicts in Colorado. Cocaine's use in Colorado has been increasing widely that reports show that its use increased from 1.6% to 2.5% in just one year. Yet, that was because prices of cocaine fluctuate at times.

Heroin

Heroin is a major threat in Colorado since it is sold in the state's metropolitan and suburban areas. It is quite popular with younger users who are new to drug abuse since they believe that smoking the drug won't affect them as much as snorting or smoking it.

All of these drugs are tested for during employment and other types of drug testing. Hopefully the day will come when Colorado's citizens will no longer suffer from the dangers of drug abuse.

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Drug Rehab to Be Extended to Petty Offenders in Scotland

Petty thieves and small time crooks such as shoplifters and burglars could soon be subject to court-ordered drug rehab and on-going drug testing in Scotland. Presently, only those convicted of serious crimes receive mandatory drug testing and drug rehab.

Scottish cabinet ministers, impressed by the success of the existing program for serious offenders who have drug problems, agreed to extend the scope of the program to thousands of lesser offenders to see if similar progress can be made. Nearly half - 48 per cent - of the more serious offenders who have been through the court-ordered program have not been rearrested two years later.

If the Cabinet's plan passes, all courts would be empowered to hand drug rehab and drug testing orders to any offender if the courts felt there was a clear drugs link. Cabinet ministers have asked officials to come up with firm proposals on how to extend the drug rehab and testing orders, and for which offences.

The minister for community safety, Fergus Ewing, said, "There is undoubtedly a need for quicker access to drug treatment at an earlier stage for low tariff offenders. Too many of our young people fall into drug abuse and fall out of life. Extending the scope of drug treatment and testing order options may help us catch more of them before they fall too far."

The Scottish cabinet ministers showed an enlightened view of offenders suffering from the ravages of substance abuse and addiction. Saving lives and returning people to a productive role in society beats rotting away in a jail cell, just waiting to get out and return to drugs and crime. No details of the treatment program were available, but to reduce recidivism among this group by 48 per cent is an impressive and enviable statistic for Scotland's court-ordered drug rehab programs.

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Why Companies Perform Random Drug Testing

Perhaps the most controversial of all drug screenings is the random drug test. Employers have the legal authority to request a random drug test, whether they have a reasonable suspicion or not. Many companies have implemented a policy of completely random drug testing. This practice can be likened to that of a lottery. If your name is selected then it is your turn for random drug testing; the employee may have little or no advance warning in these cases.

Employers often exercise their rights to administer random drug testing as a way to determine whether or not an employee is a drug user; drug use in the workplace is often blamed for absenteeism, health problems and on-the-job accidents. Although many companies already require pre-employment drug screenings, many claim that random drug testing is more effective at finding the drug users in their workforce. With a pre-employment drug screening, the employee often has at least a few hours of advance warning and therefore can attempt to take measures to "cheat" on the test. Many products are available to help users pass drug screenings; from synthetic urine to agents that mask the appearance of a particular drug, various methods exist for drug abusers to beat the tests.

Most of the random drug testing takes place in settings in which drug use can be hazardous to the well being of others. Factories and warehouses are two prime examples of places that often have random drug testing policies. Forklift drivers under the influence have often been the cause of serious, and occasionally fatal, accidents in the workplace. Drug abusers who work with other heavy machinery or on an assembly line run the risk of injury as well. Random drug testing can often produce quick and accurate results. Some employers have drug-testing kits available on-site, and a simple swab sample from the mouth can give an immediate positive or negative result.

Despite arguments against random drug testing, employers often stand firm on their decision to implement this policy. Whether there is probable cause or not, employers have the right to request drug screening at any time. It is in the employee's best interest to abstain from drug use, whether on the job or not. Though privacy advocates suggest that random drug testing is a breach of an employee's right to privacy, the simple fact remains that employers may choose this method if they deem necessary. The debate will likely continue well into the future.

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AODA Exam Secrets helps you ace the IC&RC International Written Alcohol & Other Drug Abuse Counselor Exam, without weeks and months of endless studying. Our comprehensive AODA Exam Secrets study guide is written by our exam experts, who painstakingly researched every topic and concept that you need to know to ace your test. Our original research reveals specific weaknesses that you can exploit to increase your exam score more than you've ever imagined. AODA Exam Secrets includes: The 5 Secret Keys to AODA Exam Success: Time is Your Greatest Enemy, Guessing is Not Guesswork, Practice Smarter, Not Harder, Prepare, Don't Procrastinate, Test Yourself; A comprehensive General Strategy review including: Make Predictions, Answer the Question, Benchmark, Valid Information, Avoid Fact Traps, Milk the Question, The Trap of Familiarity, Eliminate Answers, Tough Questions, Brainstorm, Read Carefully, Face Value, Prefixes, Hedge Phrases, Switchback Words, New Information, Time Management, Contextual Clues, Don't Panic, Pace Yourself, Answer Selection, Check Your Work, Beware of Directly Quoted Answers, Slang, Extreme Statements, Answer Choice Families; Comprehensive sections including: Drug Dependency, Addiction, Central nervous System (CNS), Neurotransmitters, Cerebellum, Medical/Biological Model, Limbic System, Alcoholism, Barbiturates, Sedative-hypnotic drugs, Narcotics and Synthetic Narcotics, Narcotic Analog, Marijuana, Hallucinogens/Psychedelics, Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), Lysergic acid Diethylamide (LSD), Caffeine, Cocaine and Crack Cocaine, Social Causes Model, Detoxification, Parmacotherapeutic Therapy, Withdrawal Symptoms, Types of Treatment Programs, Assessment, VIPER Project, Confrontation, Group counseling, Sharon Wegscheider's Model, Claudia Black's Theory, Psychodynamic Theory, Clinical Model of Substance Abuse, Client-Centered Therapy, Transactional Analysis, Aversion Therapy, Basic Cultural Styles, Personality Disorders, and much more...

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Drug Testing - An Effective Strategy in Catching Drug Users

Nowadays, drug testing has become one of the primary initiatives in big organizations. Its one of the effective ways to detect drug content in a human body. Not only in work places but educational institutions like schools, colleges and universities too consider it necessary for every individual. A drug screening is conducted where individuals pass through certain tests that finally point out the victim.

Presently, people with the help of certain formulated products like masking chemicals and synthetic urine succeeds in passing drug tests. Therefore, most employers do not depend on the normal testing procedures. There are ample modern drug testing methods that assures to fetch correct results. Some of them are hair testing, hair alcohol testing, saliva testing, urine testing and a few more.

Lets kick off with hair. Compared to sweat, saliva or urine testing, hair follicle drug testing is much more expensive. But its very true that the results obtained from such testing procedures is perfectly accurate. Hair follicle drug testing is one of the most sensitive methods in detecting drug content.

This flawless technique ensures employers with quick results in comparison to other procedures. It works superb in pointing out whether the employee is drug addicted or he has ended his drug intakes recently just to cover up his usage. Therefore, the ones who are planning to take formulated products with the object of getting through the test, might land up in great danger.

As far as the urine test goes, the individual on being asked by the employer goes to a separate collection site where his urine is collected in a specially designed and secured cup as part of a specimen. The cup is sealed with the help of a tamper resistant tape so that it remains safe. Sometimes, your physician with the help of express delivery space sends your urine specimen to the laboratory for testing. At the laboratory, the urine is basically divided into two aliquots. Out of that, one aliquot goes for the initial screening. Now, if the urine screen comes with positive results, the next aliquot is provided for confirmation. The test results are reviewed at the Medical Review Office by their appointed physicians. When results are declared negative, the MRO reports the employers.

Nowadays, hair alcohol drug tests are mostly conducted by researchers. Hair alcohol drug detecting test is primarily conducted for detecting the patterns of drinking among working employees and also students. This in fact help to identify social drinkers, regular drinkers and even non-drinkers. If your hair absorbs certain components like fatty acid ethyl esters and ethyl glucuronide, then your blood is bound to contain a certain amount of alcohol.

Presently, hair drug alcohol testing has come among the top preferences for many employers today who finds it simply best in trapping drug addicts. In fact, these drug detecting procedures are quite essential for the parents who remain unaware of their children's health malpractices. Even business owners treat it as an essential alternative keeping in mind the harmful effects that might hamper his business.

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Household Drug Examination for Methamphetamine

If you're an user of methamphetamine and so are planning to undergo a certified test it's obviously essential that you just test negative. When you can hold down a job although using this drug, you need to know when you're prone to test positive. This is when a property testing kit comes in.

This kind of test is perfect should you need to appear in an appointed test for work or other reason. Forewarned is forearmed all things considered. This advanced notice will give you sufficient time to attempt to eliminate the trace elements and come up with a good excuse.

It's vital to understand the diagnosis periods of methamphetamine before you undergo a test. Methamphetamine exists in blood, urine, saliva, and hair. Urine testing continues to be the most commonly employed technique of simply finding the metabolites of the drug. You are able to pass methamphetamine inside your urine for approximately five days even when you use the drug occasionally.

For regular users, the detection time can stretch to eight days and even longer in some instances. It does take typically 72 hours for the blood to get rid of methamphetamine. A lot will depend on the user, their own health and their body's capacity to flush toxins. It's completely subjective so there is no definitive answer. That's why household drug testing is so critical. Understanding your limits enables you to plan for the worst.

Methamphetamine household drug testing is accomplished by dipping a little test panel into urine and waiting five minutes for the drug screen to signify the outcomes. The test doesn't involve any complex procedures, and you'll be able to conduct this test inside the privacy of your home. You may take the test at any time of the day or night, however it will produce the best result if undertaken 1st thing within the morning.

Dip the panel for about half a minute, then a few minutes to see the outcomes. A designated color, which is highlighted inside the kit instructions, will probably be displayed by the panel after this time. You may correspond that to the color indications in the instructions to obtain the result.

False positives in methamphetamine house drug testing are triggered by numerous drugs. Ephedrine, propylephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylephrine are among a number of the compounds that can generate a false positive.

It's as a result critical that you discontinue taking drugs at least 48 hours prior to the test date if it's a scheduled 1. There isn't much it is possible to do about random ones regrettably.

Drinking a lot of water and the resulting frequent urination can decrease the volume of methamphetamine, but outcomes vary from person to individual.

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4 Reasons Why Hair Testing Has Become More Popular

Every year, the use of illegal drugs wrecks lives, breaks homes and marriages and even leads to death. Drug problems have become so prevalent all over the world, with new designer illegal drugs appearing often that it becomes difficult to keep track of both users and abusers.

Companies and schools have, to help combat drug abuse, started using drug tests to determine which students or employees are guilty of using illegal drugs. Some people might think that these tests are an invasion of privacy but it cannot be discounted that drug testing can help the society combat a rampant drug problem. And, while urine testing is, to date, the most popular form of drug testing available around the world, hair testing is fast catching up because of its reliability and accuracy. Below are just some of the more important reasons why hair testing is becoming the drug test of choice in companies and schools around the world.

1. Hair testing has a longer detection window. According to the book A Guide to Assessments that Work by John Hunsley, Eric J. Mash, hair contains drug residue in its full length and stays there for months or even years. Drugs can pass into the hair follicle through several ways. First, illegal drugs can diffuse into the hair follicle through blood. Second, they can transfer from your sweat onto the sebum that coats the hair. Third, drugs can pass directly from your skin to your hair.

2. Hair testing can be used to determine drug use history of a person. In a theoretical model discussed by Pascal Kintz in his book Drug Testing In Hair, the illegal drugs that were taken by a user are absorbed into the blood stream and then trapped within the hair during the hair's growth phase. When the hair grows from the scalp, the drug residue form bonds that are the same concentration that was present when hair was formed. This, then, can give examiners a relatively accurate representation of the amount and number of times that illegal drugs were used.

3. Even if a person abstains from drugs, traces of illegal drugs can still be detected in hair. Because drugs stays within the hair shaft, even if a drug abuser stops taking drugs for a short time, hair testing can determine when he last took the drugs and how long he has abstained from them.

4. It's harder to cheat with hair testing. The usual methods for cheating in urine drug tests, such as tampering and dilution will not work with hair tests. Some people have tried shampooing, bleaching and dyeing their hair to try to pass hair testing, but with minimal or unsuccessful results. The Google Book excerpt from Analytical and Practical Aspects of Drug Testing in Hair reveal that these cheating methods only lowered the concentration of the drugs within the hair follicle or hair shaft, and still retained the presence of drug residue in hair.

One surefire way to combat the rising problem of illegal drugs is to have schools and office use drug tests to detect drug abuse. While urine tests have become the automatic choice for most, it's advisable to look at hair testing as a good alternative because of its accuracy and depth of coverage.

This Article is written by Lena M Butler, from TestCountry the contributor of Health Testing & Drug Testing Guides, Reviews, Information & Facts. More information on the subject is at abouttesting.testcountry, and resources from other home health and wellness testing articles are used such as Drug Testing.